Ok, this is a wonky article. But it does explain why infrequently traded ETF's are still highly liquid and stick closely to the underlying value of their holdings.
And in explaining, it gives an view on how ETF's work. As well as give an insight into "arbitrage" which is also crucial to hedge funds.
I'm excerpting the important bits -
Although ETFs have begun to surge in popularity over the past few years, there are still a few misconceptions about how the products work. While mistakes are often made when it comes to how to utilize leveraged and inverse funds or commodity and volatility products in a portfolio, another key aspect of ETF investing afflicts nearly all investors no matter the product type; volume.
Volume, or the number of shares trading in a particular period, is
regarded by many as the basis for liquidity in the stock world. The more
shares that trade in a particular security, the easier it will be to
move in and out of it, keeping bid ask spreads tight for popular stocks
(see the Three Biggest Mistakes of ETF Investing).
When
investors apply this logic to ETFs, the resulting thinking is that high
volume funds are extremely liquid while low volume ones, much like
thinly traded stocks, should be avoided by most. After all, it is only
natural to assume that ETFs are like stocks in this regard as both are
exchange-traded and many ETFs are just baskets of stocks anyway.
However,
this isn't always true as, unlike a regular stock, an ETF doesn't rely
on its actual volume to generate liquidity. Instead, an ETF's volume is
dependent on its underlying holdings for its actual liquidity.
Say What?
The
above statement is true because of how ETFs are structured and how new
shares are created in a fund. Basically, what is called an Authorized
Participant (AP) can step in and buy up securities in order to create a
new basket of ETF shares, or trade in ETF shares for underlying
securities as need be.
Due to this feature, ETFs often trade quite
close to their net asset value (NAV), since when prices deviate too
far-either high or low-the Authorized Participant can step in to balance
the process out. Thus, when ETF prices are too high compared to the
NAV, the AP creates more ETF baskets while when the ETF prices are below
the NAV, the shares are traded in by the AP for the underlying
securities.
The AP profits from the spread differential in this
arbitrage-like move, which also helps to keep ETF prices in line with
their NAV so that everyone wins in this creation and redemption process
(read ETFs vs. Mutual Funds).
Why is this important?
This
is key because many investors in ETFs were stock buyers first who are
now beginning to see the promise of using exchange-traded funds in their
portfolios. Due to being conditioned to apply stock logic to ETFs, many
may be unfamiliar with the creation and redemption process and assume
that if a low volume ETF isn't trading frequently that it will be unable
to be bought and sold regularly and easily throughout the day.
There's more (hit the link if you wish), but that's really worthwhile.
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